A deep thank you to Dr. Carolyn McMakin, pioneer in the field of FSM, always encouraging her trained clinicians to publish their findings in order to progress this incredible field and the future of medicine. Mandatory Disclaimer: FSM and associated therapies do not claim to diagnose, treat or cure any disease.
FREQUENCY SPECIFIC MICROCURRENT (FSM) CLINICAL CASES & RESEARCH PAPERS
Moss DA, Goossen S, Demitry PF, Snyder MJ, Crawford PF. Patients experience improvements in pain and quality of life when treated at a physician led integrative medicine clinic at a large air force military treatment facility. Advances in Integrative Medicine. 2024. ISSN 2212-9588 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2024.09.004.
Perry C and Elliott C. Frequency Specific Microcurrent in the Treatment of Dense Breast Tissue: A Case Report. J Womens Health. 2023(12:6).
Shetty GM, Rawat P, Sharma A. Effect of adjuvant frequency-specific microcurrents on pain and disability in patients treated with physical rehabilitation for neck and low back pain. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2020: 24(4); 168-175.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360859220301418
Sharp SJ, Huynh MT, Filart R. Frequency Specific Microcurrent as Adjunctive Therapy for Three Wounded Warriors. Journal of Medical Acupuncture. Jun 2019: 189-192. https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/acu.2019.1366
Trang D, Trial Sponsor. Frequency Specific Microcurrent for the Treatment of Diastasis Recti. ClinicalTrials.gov Study Record. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04060563#wrapper
Burnham B, Katholi B, Burke D. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Treated with Frequency Specific Microcurrent: A Case Report. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 2019: 100(12); e171-e172. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003999319311517
Thompson, Regina PT, PCS; Kaplan, Sandra L. PT, DPT, PhD. Frequency-Specific Microcurrent for Treatment of Longstanding Congenital Muscular Torticollis. Pediatric Physical Therapy. April 2019: 31(2); E8-E15. https://journals.lww.com/pedpt/Fulltext/2019/04000/Frequency_Specific_Microcurrent_for_Treatment_of.29.aspx
Harikrishna KR. Microcurrent as an adjunct therapy to accelerate chronic wound healing and reduce patient pain. Journal of Wound Care. Vol. 27, No. 5. 8 May 2018.
https://www.magonlinelibrary.com/doi/abs/10.12968/jowc.2018.27.5.296
Adams J and McMakin C. Frequency specific microcurrent resolves chronic pain and adhesions after ulnar transposition surgery. J Nov Physiother Rehabil. 2017; 1: 099-103. https://www.heighpubs.org/jnpr/jnpr-aid1012.php
Macfelda, Karin, Alexander Holly, and Johannes Mueller. Significant Enhancement of ATP-Synthesis in Cardiomyocytes by Electric Microcurrent. Journal of Cardiac Failure. August 1, 2015: 21(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2015.06.091
Chaikin L, Kashiwa K, Bennet M, Papastergiou G, Gregory W. Microcurrent stimulation in the treatment of dry and wet macular degeneration. Clin Ophthalmol. 2015;9:2345-2353. Published 2015 Dec 17. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S92296 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4689270/
Carolyn R. McMakin and James L. Oschman. Visceral and Somatic Disorders: Tissue Softening with Frequency Specific Microcurrent. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. Feb 2013. 170-177.
Ohno Y, Fujiya H, Goto A, et al. Microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation facilitates regrowth of mouse soleus muscle. Int J Med Sci. 2013;10(10):1286-1294. Published 2013 Aug 7. doi:10.7150/ijms.5985
Denise Curtis, Stephen Fallows, Michael Morris, Carolyn McMakin. The efficacy of frequency specific microcurrent therapy on delayed onset muscle soreness. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. Volume 14, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 272-279.
ISSN 1360-8592, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2010.01.009.
McMakin, Carolyn. Nonpharmacologic treatment of neuropathic pain using frequency specific microcurrent. The Pain Practitioner (2010): 68-73.
McMakin, Carolyn. R., Walter. M. Gregory, and Terry M. Phillips. Cytokine Changes with Microcurrent Treatment of Fibromyalgia Associated with Cervical Spine Trauma. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies 9, no. 3 (July 1, 2005): 169–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2004.12.003
McMakin CR. Microcurrent therapy: a novel treatment method for chronic low back myofascial pain. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 143-153, ISSN 1360-8592. doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2003.12.006
Seegers, J. C., C. A. Engelbrecht, and D. H. Van Papendorp. Activation of signal-transduction mechanisms may underlie the therapeutic effects of an applied electric field. Medical hypotheses 57, no. 2 (2001): 224-230.
McMakin, Carolyn. Microcurrent treatment of myofascial pain in the head, neck, and face. Topics in Clinical Chiropractic 5 (1998): 29-35.
UNPUBLISHED MICROCURRENT REDUCING INFLAMMATION IN A MOUSE MODEL RESULTS
UNPUBLISHED MICROCURRENT REDUCING INFLAMMATION IN A MOUSE MODEL RESULTS
Reilly, Wayne & Mannion, Paul & Australia, Wellness & Ltd, Pty & World, Health. (2010).
Treatment of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis with Interferential Frequency Microcurrent Therapy (FSM) and Monitoring with Hemaview TM Following Medication-Associated Morbidity: A Case Study.
ELECTRICAL INFLUENCES ON CELL MEMBRANE & FUNCTION
Navarrete HM, Nonaka H, Scholich A, et al. Liquid-Crystal Organization of Liver Tissue. Jun3 17, 2019. eLife 2019;8:e44860DOI: 10.7554/eLife.44860
Nordenström BE. Impact of biologically closed electric circuits (BCEC) on structure and function. Integr Physiol Behav Sci. 1992 Oct-Dec;27(4):285-303. doi: 10.1007/BF02691165. PMID: 1286033.
Seegers, J. C., M.-L. Lottering, A. M. Joubert, F. Joubert, A. Koorts, C. A. Engelbrecht, and D. H. van Papendorp. A Pulsed DC Electric Field Affects P2-Purinergic Receptor Functions by Altering the ATP Levels in in Vitro and in Vivo Systems. Medical Hypotheses 58, no. 2 (February 2002): 171–76. https://doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2001.1506
Cheng, Ngok, Harry Van Hoof, Emmanuel Bockx, Michel J. Hoogmartens, Joseph C. Mulier, Frans J. De Dijcker, Willy M. Sansen, and William De Loecker. The Effects of Electric Currents on ATP Generation, Protein Synthesis, and Membrane Transport in Rat Skin. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. no. 171 (November 1982): 264-272.https://doi.org/10.1097/00003086-198211000-00045
NOTE: Please see the extensive listing on Juliana H. J. Mortenson's Forgotten Physics page: https://forgottenphysics.com/ Dr. Mortenson presented at the Frequency Specific Microcurrent Seminar in February 2021 on hypothetical mechanisms for the effects of FSM on cell membranes.
SUPPORT FOR MICRO RNA MECHANISM HYPOTHESIS FOR FSM
Very special thanks to Diana Cross, MD's research and integration of this work into a potential mechanism for FSM. Please also see Dr. Diana Cross' research and presentations integrating hypothesized FSM mechanisms. These can be found and purchased from the FSM Advanced Compendium.
Terrinoni, Alessandro, Calabrese, Cosimo, Basso, Daniela, Aita, Ada, Caporali, Sabrina, Plebani, Mario and Bernardini, Sergio. The circulating miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM). 2019: 57(7); 932-953. https://doi.org/10.1515/cclm-2018-0838
Kabekkodu SP, Shukla V, Varghese VK, D' Souza J, Chakrabarty S, Satyamoorthy K. Clustered miRNAs and their role in biological functions and diseases. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2018 Nov;93(4):1955-1986. doi: 10.1111/brv.12428. Epub 2018 May 24. PMID: 29797774.
Holehouse, AS., Pappu, RV. Functional implications of Intracellular PhaseTransitions. Biochemistry. 2018, 57, 2415-2423.
Ulversky, VN. Intrinsically disordered proteins in overcrowded milieu:Membrane-less organelles, phase separation, and intrinsic disorder. CurrentOpinion in Structural Biology 2017, 44:18-30
Darling, AL, et al. Intrinsically Disordered Proteome of Human Membrane-Less Organelles. Proteomics, 2017.
Ji, R. Et al. Pain regulation by non-neuronal cells and inflammation. Science Vol.354 issue 6312. Nov 2016 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/354/6312/572?ijkey=11e7078dc4957682115b5f59269cd3b857f5ea85&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
Guo, J, et al. A mini-review: MicroRNA in tendon injuries. J Stem Cell Res Ther(2015) 5: 303.
Andersen, HH, Duroux, M. Gazerani, P. MicroRNAs as modulators of inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Neurobiology of Disease71(2014), 159-168.
Lombard, J. Once upon a time the cell membranes: 175 years of cell boundary research. Biol Direct. 2014. 9: 32.https://doi.org/10.1186/s13062-014-0032-7
Edeleva, E.V, and Shcherbata, H.R. REVIEW ARTICLE: Stress-induced EC Malteration modulates cellular microRNAs that feedback to readjust the extracellular environment and cell behavior. Front. Genet. 31 December 2013 https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2013.00305
Johno, Hisashi & Kitamura, Masanori. (2013). Pathological in Situ Reprogramming of Somatic Cells by the Unfolded Protein Response. The American journal of pathology. 23.10.1016/j.ajpath. 2013. 05.008
Brangwynne, CP. Phase transitions and size scaling of membrane-less organelles. J Cell Biol. 2013. Vol. 203 no.6. 875-881.
Cumberworth, A. et al. Review article. Promiscuity as a functional trait: intrinsically disordered regions as central players of interactomes. Biochem J(2013) 454, 361-369.
Bjersing, JL, et al. Profile of CSF microRNAs in Fibromyalgia. PLOS one, Oct 2013, Vol 8, issue 10
Luby-Phelps, K. The physical chemistry of cytoplasm and its influence on cell function: an update. Mol Biol of Cell, 2013, vol 24
Hunter T. Why nature chose phosphate to modify protein . Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2012 Sep 19;367(1602):2513-6. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0013.
Jaeken, L., Mateev, VL. Coherent behaviour and the Bound State of Water and K+ imply another model of Bioenergetics: negative entropy instead of high-energy bonds. The Open Biochemistry Journal, 2012, 6, 139-159.
Leung, AK, Sharp, PA. MicroRNA functions in Stress Responses. Mol Cell. 2010 Oct 22; 40(2): 205-215.
Ball, Philip. Water as an active constituent in cell biology. Chem Rev 2008, 108, 74-108.
Corton, JM et al. Role of the AMP-activated protein kinase in the cellular stress response. Current Biology, 1994. Vol 4, issue 4, 315-324.
Pienta KJ, Coffey DS. Cellular harmonic information transfer through a tissue tensegrity-matrix system. Med Hypotheses. 1991 Jan;34(1):88-95. doi: 10.1016/0306-9877(91)90072-7. PMID: 2056936.
MORE RELATED RESOURCES
Henny J. Cymatics: A study of wave theory and vibration. 1967.
Life at the Cell Level.
MAKING FREQUENCIES VISIBLE
What are Frequencies? We define them in Hertz (Hz) when working with FSM, in pulses per second. What is Resonance? Put one way, it's when an input of one frequency impacts something that can match its frequency. These videos are helpful in making resonance visible.
MICROCURRENT (NOT FREQUENCY-SPECIFIC) RESEARCH
Kolimechkov S, Seijo M, Swaine I, Thirkell J, Colado JC, Naclerio F. Physiological effects of microcurrent and its application for maximising acute responses and chronic adaptations to exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2023;123(3):451-465. doi:10.1007/s00421-022-05097-w
Noites A, Nunes R, Gouveia AI, Mota A, Melo C, Viera Á, Adubeiro N, and Bastos JM. Effects of aerobic exercise associated with abdominal microcurrent: a preliminary study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2015: 21(4); 229-236.
Kang DH, Jeon JK, and Lee JH. Effects of Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation on Cumulative Fatigue and Muscle Tone of the Erector Spinae. Journal of Physical Therapy Science. January 2015: 27(1); 105–8.
Mercola, Joseph M., and Daniel L. Kirsch. The basis for microcurrent electrical therapy in conventional medical practice. Journal of Advancement in medicine 8, no. 2 (1995): 107-120.
Chan HK, Fung DT, Ng GY. Effects of low-voltage microamperage stimulation on tendon healing in rats. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2007; 37(7): p. 399-403. 140.
Huckfeldt, R., D. Mikkelson, and K. Larson. The Use of Microcurrent and Autocatalytic Silver Plated Nylon Dressings in Human Burn Patients: A Feasibility study. Maui, Hawaii: Proceedings of John Boswick Burn and Wound Symposium. 2003.
Lennox, Arlene J., Jeffrey P. Shafer, Madeline Hatcher, Janice Beil, and Sandra J. Funder. Pilot Study of Impedance-Controlled Microcurrent Therapy for Managing Radiation-Induced Fibrosis in Head-and-Neck Cancer Patients. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics 54, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 23–34.
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0360-3016(02)02898-5.
Rajpurohit B, Khatri SM, Metgud D, Bagewadi A. Effectiveness of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and microcurrent electrical nerve stimulation in bruxism associated with masticatory muscle pain - A comparative study. Indian J Dent Res. 2010;21:104-6. https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2010/21/1/104/62816
Originally compiled by Jessica Tierney, PT DPT in 2020; updated 2024
GET EVIDENCE-BASED FREQUENCY SPECIFIC THERAPY
Jessica A. Tierney is a Doctor of Physical Therapy and a Certified Frequency Specific Microcurrent Practitioner. She has presented at three Advanced FSM Conferences and is passionate to educate practitioner and patients on the benefits and efficacy of FSM as a therapeutic modality.
If you are curious about how FSM could help you as a patient, client or Practitioner, book a free consultation to learn more.
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